structure of monosaccharides

Structure sapphire12 October 12, 2010 . Carbohydrates Monosaccharides structure differ in 4 primary ways. Structure However, in polysaccharides, Glc is exclusively pyranose and fructose and ribose are furanoses. Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides | Polysaccharides Polyols. The acyclic structure of a sugar is commonly shown by using a Fischer projection. Monosaccharides Structure Flashcards | Quizlet Those with 3-7 carbon atoms are the most important for mammalian metabolism. 7. Examples of disaccharides. Physical properties of water are related to the appearance of water, namely, the color, temperature, turbidity, taste, and odor. 4. The molecular structure of a monosaccharide has a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group, and also it is classified based upon the variety of carbon atoms that space preschrischona2015.orgt. We can represent that structure in this fashion: This structure includes four stereogenic carbon atoms (marked with an asterisk *). Sorbitol and Mannitol - Found in some fruit and vegetables and used as artificial sweeteners. STRUCTURE OF DISACCHARIDES & POLYSACCHARIDES Composition, sources and properties of common disccharides Disaccharides Constituent monosaccharides Linkage Source Properties Reducing disaccharides Maltose -D-glucose+ -D-glucose (1 4) Germinating cereal and malt Forms osazone with phenylhydrazine. Nomenclature 6. The general chemical formula for a monosaccharide is C n H 2n O n or (CH 2 O) n. Examples of monosaccharides include the three most common forms: glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), and galactose. Glucose can be connected in long strings of ... 2. Fructose - found in honey, apples, high fructose corn syrups, etc. The chemical structure of sucrose comprises of α form of glucose and β form of fructose; The glycosidic linkage is α linkage because the molecule formation is in α orientation; Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. Stereoisomers that differ in structure around what was the carbonyl carbon atom in the straight-chain form of a monosaccharide. Representation of the ring structure of monosaccharides. Galactose. 1, forms a cyclic structure, the carbonyl oxygen atom may be pushed either up or down, giving rise to two stereoisomers, as shown in Figure 15.5. Structure of Sulfated Monosaccharides Studied by Quantum Chemical Methods. To be suitable for use, water must be free from all impurities that are offensive to the sense of sight, taste, or smell and one very important … Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides Hemiacetal Formation anomer anomer The specific rotation of pure α-D-glucose or β-D-glucose changes over time to reach an equilibrium (mutarotation) • If an aldose can form a five- or six-membered ring, it will exist predominantly as a cyclic hemiacetal Monosaccharides Chemical Structure, Characteristics, Examples & Classification. These easily are utilized for energy, causing a rapid rise in blood sugar and insulin secretion from the pancreas. A polysaccharide used for energy storage will give easy access to the constituent monosaccharides whereas a polysaccharide used for support is usually a long chain of monosaccharides that form fibrous structures. Guide for Drawing Hayworth Structures. This quiz is incomplete! Typical sugars that participate in glycation are glucose, fructose, and their derivatives.Glycation is the non-enzymatic process responsible for many (e.g. Within each of these groups there are different compounds, each with the same molecular formula. Fructose. Oligosaccharides are three to six monosaccharide units, and polysaccharides are more than six. The relationships between simple sugars or monosaccharides are determined by the length of the carbon chain and the membership in the aldehyde or ketone sugar families. Structure. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugar and the most basic units of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides often taste sweet and dissolve in water. Monosaccharides are usually a colourless and a crystalline substance which are sweet in taste and a solid component. Polysaccharides are formed by combining a large number of glucose monomers together. Click on the mouse at left to clear the text and reset the image. Monosaccharide is simple sugar that cannot undergo further hydrolysis. Glucose molecules can be broken down by glycolysis in the process of cellular respiration. By convention, the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone, starting … The simplest sugars contain three carbon atoms each, and are classed as trioses. A hydroxyl group is formed when oxygen will bond with hydrogen. These substances are easily soluble in water. A glycosidic bond is … Think ahead! Compounds Derived 5. Monosaccharides provide cells with short-term energy. The sugars participating in the bonds are called residues. Structure - For example Cellulose. They include sugars such as glucose and fructose. Monosaccharides can be classified by the number of carbon atoms in the structure and/or the type of carbonyl group they contain (aldose or ketose). The main monosaccharides are the hexoses (simple sugars in which the molecules contain six carbon atoms)—these include glucose (known also as dextrose), fructose 1 (commonly called levulose), galactose, and mannose (Eliasson, 2016). Overview of Cyclic Forms Of Monosaccharides. Glucose is a common carbohydrate found in plants and is the main product of photosynthesis. Practice: Inhibiting the electron transport chain. Functional Groups. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates.They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with a carbon backbone.The carbon backbone in monosaccharides usually consists of 3 – 6 carbon atoms. Polysaccharides provide long-term energy storage and rigid structure to cell walls and … Types 4. Monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are usually a colourless and a crystalline substance which are sweet in taste and a solid component. Most monosaccharides contain at least one chiral carbon and can form stereoisomers. Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides Hemiacetal Formation anomer anomer The specific rotation of pure α-D-glucose or β-D-glucose changes over time to reach an equilibrium (mutarotation) • If an aldose can form a five- or six-membered ring, it will exist predominantly as a cyclic hemiacetal The monosaccharides or simple sugars are molecules containing several alcohol groups as well as a reducing group, either aldehyde or ketone. These two stereoisomers of a cyclic monosaccharide are known as anomers; they differ in structure around the anomeric carbon—that is, the carbon atom that was the carbonyl carbon atom in the straight-chain form. This means, monosaccharides essentially have a carbonyl group in their chemical structure. Glucose, the most common monosaccharide, is an aldohexose. … It is found in fruits and honey and is the major free … In water, monosaccharides exist in all forms, but only one is an invariant for all the acyclic form. Know the difference between galactosemia and lactose intolerance. 5. Monosaccharides. Click on the step numbers below to see some important things about glucose's structure. About 20 monosaccharides are known to occur in nature. Monosaccharides include aldoses, ketoses, and their derivatives. Monosaccharides are the simplest units of carbohydrates and the simplest forms of sugar there is. Which of the following statements best describes the structure and function of a carbohydrate? Monosaccharides are simple sugar unit molecules, whereas polysaccharides are enormous, linking thousands of sugar units. First, let’s review why learning about carbohydrates is important. Biochemistry 101. Answer- The sugar molecules having asymmetric carbon atoms exhibit isomerism. Discuss the structural, chemical, and biochemical properties of the monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides Learning Goal Draw and identify the Haworth structures of monosaccharides. Monosaccharides. The simplest monosaccharides are … Nomenclature 6. Structure of Disaccharides (Sucrose) The most common disaccharide is sucrose which gives D -(+)- glucose and D-(-)- fructose on hydrolysis. Number of carbon atoms 3. Fischer projections also allow an easy classification of the sugar Energy Storage - They store energy. Simple sugars are a type of carbohydrate. The chemical formula that most monosaccharides have is C x (H2O) y, where generally x≥ 3. If one substituent is hydrogen it is aldehyde. In monosaccharides, the number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven. A Fischer projection is sometimes used to illustrate the cyclic hemiacetal form of sugar. Monosaccharides of five or more carbon atoms are present in ring forms. Monosaccharides are composed of a single molecule of sugar with no glycosidic bond. These structures make it easy to show the configuration at each stereogenic center in the molecule without using wedges and dashes. All polysaccharides are formed by the same basic process: monosaccharides are connected via glycosidic bonds. Psicose . Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides 3. If the sugar has an aldehyde group (the functional group with the structure R-CHO), it is known as an aldose, if it has a ketone group (the functional group with the structure R-C(=O)-R'), it is known as a ketose. Monosaccharides are reducing sugars whereas polysaccharides are non reducing sugars. Glucose is called a monosaccharide because it forms one simple building block of more complicated carbohydrates. The general formula of pentosans is (C 5 H 8 O 4) n and that of hexosans is (C 6 H 10 O 5) n, where n denotes the number of monosaccharide units. Glucose was the least reactive of the aldohexoses. First and foremost, monosaccharides are... Monosaccharide Structure. Chemical Properties. When in a polysaccharide, individual monosaccharides are known as residues. Disaccharides - Disaccharides are formed from two Monosaccharides. Condensation reactions are covered in addition to the structure and properties of starch, glycogen and cellulose. Structure of Monosaccharide’s. A monosaccharide is the most basic form of carbohydrates. The general overall structure is (HCOH) n; hence the name carbo-(C) hydrate (H 2 O). monosaccharide, also called simple sugar, any of the basic compounds that serve as the building blocks of carbohydrates.Monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones; that is, they are molecules with more than one hydroxyl group (―OH), and a carbonyl group (C=O) either at the terminal carbon atom (aldose) or at the second carbon atom (ketose). lecture of biology 1st year chapter 2 chemical structure of Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are simple sugars that may become basic units of more complex molecules. Simple sugars have the generic structure (CH2O)n, hence trioses are isomers of the formula C3H6O3. Fundamental for the synthesis of fucoidin, it is present in the surface cells of mammals, insects and plants. The monosaccharides can be divided into groups based on the number of carbon atoms in the molecules, thus: trioses have 3-C atoms, tetroses have 4-C atoms, pentoses have 5-C atoms, and hexoses have 6-C atoms. Monosaccharides have many functions within cells. Glucose and Fructose The sweet taste of honey comes from the monosaccharides D-glucose and D-fructose. Carbohydrates are long, winding molecules made up of … The main monosaccharides are the hexoses (simple sugars in which the molecules contain six carbon atoms)—these include glucose (known also as dextrose), fructose 1 (commonly called levulose), galactose, and mannose (Eliasson, 2016). Part A Below is the open-chain structure of the monosaccharide D-tagatose, which is a ketohexose. Polysaccharides form when monosaccharides or disaccharides link together by glycosidic bonds. We understand that to mean that it is a sugar having six carbons in a straight unbranched chain which ends in an aldehyde group. Monosaccharides can by combined through glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrates, known as oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.An oligosaccharide with only two monosaccharides is known as a disaccharide.When more than 20 monosaccharides are … Acetaldehyde and Acetone can be distinguished by Tollen's reagents. Such reaction causes carbon one to be a NEW CHIRAL carbon. The cyclic pyranose forms of various monosaccharides are often drawn in a flat projection known as a Haworth formula, after the British chemist, Norman Haworth. Chemical Properties. 1. Due to the more complex structure of disaccharides, they are harder to break down and do not provide readily available energy like monosaccharides do (Barakat & Abd El-Wahab, 1951). about monosaccharide structure. The evidences are 1. The ring structure of most monosaccharides aids this process, as seen below. The two main functions of monosaccharides in the body are energy storage and as the building blocks of more … The monosaccharides may be pentoses or hexoses. D-Glucose (an aldohexose) is the monomer for many other carbohydrates. Monosaccharide Function of Monosaccharide. The position of the carbonyl () group can be used to categorize the sugars: If the sugar has an aldehyde group, meaning that the carbonyl … By Philip V Toukach. Like most monosaccharides, it has more than one chiral carbon. Structure and occurrence. Structure of Monosaccharides. These hydroxyl groups confer the properties of alcohol to carbohydrates. Monosaccharide or simple sugars are any of the basic compounds that serve as the building blocks of carbohydrates. Glucose, the most common monosaccharide, is an aldohexose. 3. When in a polysaccharide, individual monosaccharides are known as residues. Monosaccharides are the simplest units of carbohydrates and the simplest forms of sugar there is. They contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in the proportions. Types 4. Glucose (from Greek glykys ; “sweet”) has the molecular formula C 6 H 1 2 O 6 . Aldose : found at the end of the monosaccharide (CHO) It is present in the cycle of photosynthesis. Monosaccharides are Simplest Sugars. The ring structure of most monosaccharides aids this process, as seen below. In other words, a street with 5 carbons is a pchrischona2015.orgtose, when a sugar with 6 carbons is recognized as a hexose. Addition of fatty acids and phosphate groups to the elements and removal of monosaccharides. Examples of … The upper bond to this carbon is defined as beta, the lower bond then is alpha. Practice: Hemiacetal formation of carbohydrates. Structure With few exceptions (e.g., deoxyribose), monosaccharides have the chemical formula (CH 2 O) n + m with the chemical structure H(CHOH) n C=O(CHOH) m H. If n or m is zero, it is an aldehyde and is termed an aldose, otherwise it is a ketone and is termed a ketose. Take note that in the structure of D-glucose both C1 &6 are achiral while carbons 2,3,4,5 are chiral. Anyway simple sugars like glucose,fructose, mannose, ribose and the like are basically a chain of carbons with several hydroxy groups, -OH. When a straight-chain monosaccharide, such as any of the structures shown in Figure 15.5. This carbon is then called anomeric carbon. If the sugar has an aldehyde group (the functional group with the structure R-CHO), it is known as an aldose, and if it has a ketone group (the functional group with the structure RC(=O)R′), it is known as a ketose. Monosaccharides with more than five carbon atoms exist in the form of rings in the solution state. Monosaccharides - Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides 3. The molecule of monosaccharides is very small and compact in size. • The formation of glucose from carbon dioxide, water and sunlight is the central theme of photosynthesis. glucose, also called dextrose, one of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars (monosaccharides). With six carbon atoms and a ketone group, it is a very rare sugar in nature. Structure of a Polysaccharide. Monosaccharides in solution exist as equilibrium mixtures of the straight and cyclic forms. D-Glucose (an aldohexose) is the monomer for many other carbohydrates. Monosaccharide join together to form polysaccharides in different ways. Key Takeaways: Monosaccharides Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, ribose, xylose, and mannose. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates.They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with a carbon backbone.The carbon backbone in monosaccharides usually consists of 3 – 6 carbon atoms. This is possible because RNA bases form complementary pairs with other bases on the same RNA strand. To play this quiz, please finish editing it. 2. CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND … The molecule of monosaccharides is very small and compact in size. Carbohydrates make up about 1 / 10 of the organic matter in a cell, their functions include: Energy Sourceage - They provide the enegry for respiration. Monosaccharides that have more than three carbon atoms can exist in two structural forms, an open-chain or acyclic structure and a closed-ring or cyclic structure. This chapter examined, in depth, the unique characteristics of carbohydrates. We mentioned earlier that carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Glycation (sometimes incorrectly called non-enzymatic glycosylation) is the covalent attachment of a sugar to a protein or lipid. 1. These two stereoisomers of a cyclic monosaccharide are known as anomers. The simplest monosaccharides are glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone (with 3 … Monosaccharide very soluble and syrupy appearance, endowed with four carbons and a group of alkeido (formyl). When in a polysaccharide, individual monosaccharides are known as residues. Monosaccharides are the monomers of Carbohydrates. The structure of monosaccharides is formed with more than one hydroxyl group (-OH) and a carbonyl group (-C=O) either at the terminal carbon atom known as aldose or at the second carbon atom known as a ketose. location of the carbonyl group. Sucrose . Monosaccharides exist in solution as an equilibrium mixture of acyclic and cyclic forms. Fucose . Although a large number of monosaccharide’s are found in nature, we will confine our discussion here to four of them only viz. Carbohydrates contain two functional groups, such as Aldehyde in glucose and ketone in fructose. Glucosamine . 12. They are single chains of carbon atoms bearing multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups. Polysacharides functions structure and examples are listed below briefly .A polysaccharide is a large molecule made of many smaller monosaccharides. The building blocks of larger carbohydrate polymers. A Fischer structure (least stable) open chain of the carbohydrates can be converted into Haworth structure (most stable) cyclic structure. All polysaccharides are formed by the same basic process: monosaccharides are connected via glycosidic bonds. There are many evidences to show that the pentose and hexose monosaccharides are present in cyclic form. Watch a step by step guide on how to test your blood glucose levels. micro and macrovascular) complications in diabetes mellitus and is implicated in some diseases and in … • It is common knowledge that aldehydes react with alcohols to form hemiacetals. 1. In monosaccharides, the number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven. 6. Within each of these groups there are different compounds, each with the same molecular formula. This method elucidates the structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and their derivatives which makes the spectroscop ic identi- fication quite clear. Two monosaccharides join to make disaccharides. Isomers. The cyclic form of monosaccharides results from the ability of the carbonyl group to react intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group of the penultimate carbon. Structure: Single-stranded; While RNA does not take on a double-helix shape like DNA, this molecule is able to form complex three-dimensional shapes. D-glucose, D-fructose, D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose. Structure of Monosaccharides. Practice: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency. Lactose Simple Carbohydrates: One or two sugars (monosaccharides or disaccharides) combined in a simple chemical structure. Monosaccharide is the source of energy in the brain cells and RBCs to transport oxygen in the body. Ribose and Deoxyribose are found in the backbone structure of RNA and DNA, respectively. Given the linear structure of a monosaccharide, draw the Haworth projection of its a- and 0-cyclic forms and vice versa. Starch is a mixture of two glucose polymers: amylose, which comprises (1→4) α-linked chains of up to several thousand glucose units and amylopectin which is highly branched (with (1→6) α-linkages as well as (1→4) α-linkages) and may comprise over 100,000 glucose residues. The structures on the right side, with the OH group on … Structure With few exceptions (e.g., deoxyribose), monosaccharides have the chemical formula (CH 2 O) n + m with the chemical structure H(CHOH) n C=O(CHOH) m H. If n or m is zero, it is an aldehyde and is termed an aldose, otherwise it is a ketone and is termed a ketose. A-Level biology lessons explaining the structure and function of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. The chemical union of the basic units of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins always produces the biproduct: Energy Carbon Water Acid None of the above Leave blank. Fermentable by enzyme Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar as both the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in … The monosaccharides can be divided into groups based on the number of carbon atoms in the molecules, thus: trioses have 3-C atoms, tetroses have 4-C atoms, pentoses have 5-C atoms, and hexoses have 6-C atoms. While often drawn as a linear skeleton, monosaccharides in aqueous solutions form rings. Among the 15 monosaccharides tested, aldoses showed higher reactivities than ketoses. The molecule is always formed by three elements and three elements only: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Now a days it occurs in the form of liquid sugars or syrups. Depending on the nature of monosaccharides, polysaccharides are known as glucan, mannan, galactan, araban, xylan etc. To play this quiz, please finish editing it. The cyclic form of a monosaccharide is characterized by a hemiacetal group formed by the reaction of one of the hydroxyl groups with the C-1 aldehyde or ketone. Structure of plant cell wall. Isomerism of Monosaccharides 2. Structures of Monosaccharides Hemiacetals 1 • Although, the open chain structures of monosaccharides are consistent with the chemistry of carbohydrates, in reality they are oversimplifications of the true structure of carbohydrates. 4. The ring structure is formed when the hydroxyl group on the fifth carbon reacts with the first carbon atom. 6. Oligosaccharides yielding 2 molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis is known as a disaccharide, and the ones yielding 3 or 4 monosaccharides are known as trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides respectively, and so on. The structure shown on the left side of Figure 6.4 "Monosaccharides", with the OH group on the first carbon atom projected downward, represent what is called the alpha (α) form. Select all of the chiral carbon atoms. Cyclic Structure for Glucose STEP 1 Turn the Fischer projection clockwise by 90°. The most abundant monosaccharide of all, it is an amino-sugar present in the cell wall of fungi and in the chitinous covers of arthropods. Important questions of Monosaccharides (Solved) (Set-1) Q.1- Discuss in brief about the isomerism in monosaccharides. Identify the chiral atoms by selecting each atom and assigning it a map number of 1 until all atoms are mapped. The acyclic structure of a sugar is commonly drawn as a Fischer projection. The cyclic structure of monosaccharides is commonly represented using Haworth projections, named after the English chemist Sir Walter N. Haworth. They have the fundamental structure (C*H2O)n where 3 or more is the minimum. Structure of a Polysaccharide. Recent advances in computational predictions of NMR parameters for the structure elucidation of carbohydrates: methods and limitations. It consists of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, joined together. Important monosaccharides include ribose (C 5 H 10 O 5 ), glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), and fructose (same formula but different structure than glucose). Seen below are just some of the many … Chapter 7 Notes 5 Classes of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides contain a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit (saccharo is Greek for “sugar”) (e.g., glucose, fructose). Structure of Monosaccharides. 2. Although a large number of monosaccharide’s are found in nature, we will confine our discussion here to four of them only viz. Most monosaccharide names end with the suffix -ose. Carbohydrates are large molecules made up of monosaccharides and are used by organisms for energy storage. Monosaccharides have the general formula C n H 2 O n and are typically made up of three to seven carbons. Monosaccharides are composed of a single monomer while polysaccharides are made up of a large number of monomers. Structure of Amylopectin. One structure of glucose is shown below. monosaccharides bound together through dehydration synthesis. Some common examples are Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Galactose, etc. The structures on the right side, with the OH group on the first carbon atom pointed upward, is the beta (β) form. Carbohydrates are made up of starchy monomers and are used for structure, protection, and reproduction. Linear and alternative ring forms. The position of the carbonyl (C = O) group classifies the sugars into aldoses and ketoses, as shown below. Enantiomers are a specific type of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other. We understand that to mean that it is a sugar having six carbons in a straight unbranched chain which ends in an aldehyde group. 18.1 Biochemistry--An Overview Cyclic structure of Monosaccharides: The monosaccharides exist either in cyclic or acyclic form. The chemical formula that most monosaccharides have is C x (H2O) y, where generally x≥ 3.The molecule is always formed by three elements and three elements only: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). If the sugar has an aldehyde group (the functional group with the structure R-CHO), meaning that the carbonyl group (C=O) is at the end of the carbon chain, it is known as an aldose. We can represent that structure in this fashion: This structure includes four stereogenic carbon atoms (marked with an asterisk *). The main difference between sugar and starch is that sugars are disaccharides or monosaccharides whereas starch is a polysaccharide. The structure shown on the left side of Figure 15.5. … Disaccharides are two simple sugars. Monosaccharides Chemical Structure, Characteristics, Examples & Classification. Amylopectin is built from a series of glucose units linked together by glycosidic bonds. The anomeric carbon atom (colored red here) is placed on the right. ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Glucose. A functional group is... D and L Projections. • The aldohexose, D-(+)-glucose is the best known, most important and most abundant organic compound on earth. Monosaccharides, particularly glucose, are a major fuel for cellular work. 1: Monosaccharides are classified based on the position of the carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the backbone. Carbohydrates are divided into four types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Most monosaccharide names end with the suffix -ose. • Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units linked together by a covalent bond (e.g., sucrose). In monosaccharides, the number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven. As you can see from the structure it is combined (linked) at the hemiacetal oxygen and does not have a free hemiacetal hydroxide Glucose and other aldoses fail to give the Schiff 's test for 11 www.AgriMoon.Com Fundamentals of Biochemistry Monosaccharides are the most basic form of carbohydrates, and in terms of human biochemistry, they … Practice: The structure of monosaccharides. The structure of glucose Disaccharides ... Sucrose is a disaccharide. This is the currently selected item. Structure and nomenclature. The ring formation includes condensation of the carbonyl group (C-1 in aldoses, and C-2 in ketoses) of the sugar with one of the alcohol groups of the same sugar forming a closed ring structure. If the sugar has an aldehyde group (the functional group with the structure R-CHO), it is an aldose, and if it has a ketone group (the functional group with the structure RC(=O)R’), it is a ketose. If there is no hydrogen it is ketone. Polysaccharide Structure . Based on the number of monosaccharide units, it is further classified as a disaccharide, trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide, etc. A monosaccharide consists of an aldehyde or ketone group with hydroxyl group added to some carbon atoms, for example glucose and fructose.

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